![]() ![]() Implications for health education are discussed. comparative ratings would be predicted far better by their assessment of. The results are explained in motivational terms. Keywords: Unrealistic optimism, unrealistic pessimism, risk perception, social. The effects of event threat and question order were found to interact: event threat affected UO in the predicted way, but only when the question about own risk came first. Participants were asked to rate their own risk and that of the average student of developing the disease question order was counterbalanced. The risk attributable to diet was stated to be either slight (low-threat condition) or great (high-threat condition). This prediction was tested in a study in which students ( N = 148) were informed about a type of heart disease that could develop in later life due to inadequate diet when young. If this is so, the greater the “event threat” (i.e., the more serious the event's consequences and/or the greater the likelihood that those consequences will be experienced), the more reassurance should be required, and the greater the UO that should be observed. This may be because, fearing the event, they try to reassure themselves by distorting their reasoning to conclude that they are at comparatively little risk. 47: 245–287.Individuals typically exhibit “unrealistic optimism” (UO), the belief that they are less likely than the average person to experience a negative event. Attribution of success and failure revisited or: The motivational bias is alive and well in attribution theory. Egocentrism as a source of unrealistic optimism. Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Self-serving biases in the attribution process: A reexamination of the fact or fiction question. Are we all less risky and more skillful than our fellow drivers? Acta Psychol. The “false consensus effect”: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes. The Health Belief Model: Origins and correlates. Fear appeals and attitude change: Effects of a threat's noxiousness, probability of occurrence, and the efficacy of coping responses. Car crashes: Perceived vulnerability and willingness to pay for crash protection. Can we all be better than average? Psychol. Self-serving biases in the attribution of causality: Fact or fiction? Psychol. Lichtenstein, S., Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., Layman, M., and Combs, B. Changing attitudes and habits to reduce risk factors in chronic disease. Findings and theory in the study of fear communications. Psychological Stress and the Coping Process, McGraw-Hill, New York. Oxford University professor and author of Rainy Brain, Sunny Brain Elaine Fox expands the conception of optimism to include having control. It can be described as a mental attitude, tending to lean towards a positive outcome. Swine flu: A field study of self-serving biases. What is Optimism The glass is half full, not half empty That pretty much sums up optimism. (eds.), Applying Behavioral Science to Cardiovascular Risk, American Heart Association, Dallas, Tex. Social psychological characteristics associated with behaviors that reduce cardiovascular risk. Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior, General Learning Press, Morristown, N.J. The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. Effects of fear arousal on attitude change: Recent developments in theory and experimental research. Fifteen years of fear arousal: Research on threat appeals 1953–1968. Health protective behavior: An exploratory study. (eds.), Social Comparison Processes, Hemisphere, Washington, D.C. Social comparison theory: An attributional approach. Psychosocial determinants of immunization behavior in a swine influenza campaign. ![]() Some influences on participation in a genetic screening program. It found that: (a) beliefs about risk likelihood, beliefs about risk severity, and worry about the risk all made independent contributions to interest in risk reduction (b) unrealistic optimism undermined interest in risk reduction indirectly by decreasing worry and (c) beliefs about risk likelihood and severity were not sufficient to explain the amount of worry expressed about different hazards.īaric, L. of experiencing such health problems were better than the chances of others. The investigation also examined the importance of beliefs and emotions as determinants of self-reported interest in adopting precautions to reduce one's risk. The present study examined if the optimistic bias could be demonstrated if. Attempts to account for the amount of bias evoked by different hazards identified perceived controllability, lack of previous experience, and the belief that the problem appears during childhood as factors that tend to increase unrealistic optimism. They showed a significant optimistic bias for 34 of these hazards, consistently considering their own chances to be below average. In this study, 100 college students compared their own chances of experiencing 45 different health- and life-threatening problems with the chances of their peers. ![]()
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